معالجات تشكيلية ترتبط بالخامات المستخدمة المواد الملونة "
الملخص الانجليزي
Fine treatments related to the raw materials used. Colored materials. “We see the freshness and splendor of colors in the paintings and inscriptions of ancient Egyptian tombs. After analyzing these materials, it was found that they are natural mineral materials that were finely crushed.” The colors used by the ancient Egyptian artist are black, blue, brown, green, gray, red, white and yellow. The following are the components of each color of black color: “The black colored substance is always carbon (), which is generally a very fine powder, and its substance is soot, most likely scraped from cooking vessels. Twelve different samples of the black substance were examined, and they were all from carbon". But it is carbon. Lurie found that a substance of black color, dating back to the nineteenth dynasty, is wood charcoal, but in the era of the twelfth dynasty, it was found in Bani Hassan of black ore for manganese, which is abundant in Sinai, as it was found before the dynasties, a blue-black color, which was not recognized. On it, but it was said that "it does not look like pulverized wood charcoal, but it is carbon. Blue color: "The oldest blue color is azurite Chessylite , Azurite It is a type of blue copper carbonate, found in its natural state in the Sinai and in the Eastern Desert. The depiction of the mouth and eyebrows was used on the cloth covering the face of a mummy from the era of the Fifth Dynasty. The main blue color in ancient Egypt () was the artificial blue glass material (Frit) , which consists of a crystalline compound that contains silica, copper and calcium (silicate calcium and copper). Because it is virtually free of iron compounds, which if there is more than a small amount of it, it will give the product a green color instead of blue.” “Reisner found in the Temple of Menkaurea Al-Janairi of the Fourth Dynasty, what was described as “a mass of a crystalline blue colored powdery substance, but it appears It was not analyzed, and it was mentioned that it was part of the original funerary apparatus, and it was described as the fine-grained blue pigment used in paintings on the walls of the terraces. It seems that it may have been the familiar artificial blue glass material. In addition to the use of this glass material in coloring, small things were made from it, for example, a cylindrical ring and a cylinder, both from the era of the Sixth Dynasty, and a small statue of the Sphinx from the era of the Nineteenth Dynasty. And beads from different eras, and Miss Hodgson showed that this blue glass material can be poured into a mold if it is very finely ground and mixed with water, and that the resulting things retain their shape if they are dried.” Lowry says about this substance that it was used not only in Egypt but also in Rome in During the reigns of the empire, it was the general blue color used in fresco depictions, “and it disappeared from the Egyptian color palettes sometime between the second century and the previous century” and in the Naples Museum we see samples of this substance found in Italy.” Green: “It is generally accepted The green color used by the ancient Egyptians stems from copper compounds.” Red color: “Red ocher was the main red color in ancient Egypt and the only red color in it until a very late period in its history. Sometimes hematite, but although red ocher is an amorphous earthy type of hematite, it is desirable to limit the name hematite in Egyptian archaeology to the black, mineral-looking substance from which the beads and staves were carved. Kohl, scarabs, and other small things, the pink-red color: “The pink-red color was not rare in the era of the modern state. In the era of the modern state, the red-pink color was steadily obtained by mixing the red and white colors.
أ.د/عصام محمد محفوظ | Prof.Dr.Essam Mohamed Mahfouz | 20957