عنوان المقالة:التقنيات والخامات المستخدمة فى التصوير التى استعملها قدماء المصريين The techniques and materials used in photography used by the ancient Egyptians
"إن أهم المواد التى استعملها قدماء المصريين أو يحتمل ان يكونوا قد استعملوها فى اللصق هى الجبس المصيص والراتين الراتينج والزلال بياض البيض، وشمع العسل ، والصمغ ، والطين ، والغراء"
الملخص الانجليزي
“ The most important materials that the ancient Egyptians used, or they
may have used in pasting, were gypsum, resin, egg white, beeswax, gum,
clay, and glue.” First: Adhesives: Gypsum: "The first case in which
gypsum was used as an adhesive to repair a pottery vessel from the predynastic era. Among the objects found in the tomb of Tutankhamun was a
pottery jar whose cover was fixed with gypsum." “It was one of the most
important uses of gypsum in ancient Egypt as an adhesive substance in
mortar, and then another use of it as an adhesive substance, and that was in
the white structure.” "It must be calcined by burning the gypsum first,
whatever the purpose of its use, as it does not acquire the adhesive
property except after calcination and the subsequent extinguishing with
water." “Resin” “Resin is another important adhesive substance, which
was used in ancient Egypt, and its use dates back to the Neolithic era when
it was used to fix teeth diluted.” As for the other purposes for which
beeswax was used, they were mummification, shipbuilding, making
magical statues, casting bronze, and using wax at a very late date to give it
the surface of writing boards. Sudan, but since acacia was also growing in
Egypt, where it was more abundant in the past than it is at present. As for
the “myrrh” gum that was mentioned in the ancient Egyptian texts, it was
not a gum in the usual sense, rather it was a fragrant resinous gum used as
incense. Perhaps it was the gum of the Lord’s country (Somalia), the gum
of the country of Bent, and the gum of the country of Jitbio from the
resinous gums. Herodotus believes that the glue was used to bind the linen
rolls together, in which the mummies were damaged after embalming. He
mentioned on this occasion that the Egyptians used it mostly instead of
glue. Glue: “Glue is one of the oldest and most famous adhesives, and one
of the most reliable, especially with regard to wood. Glue is made from
some animal materials that contain gelatin, such as bones, skins, cartilage
and muscle tendons, by extracting boiling water and concentrating the
liquid by evaporation and then pouring it into molds. It turns into a solid
mass by cooling. Glue was used in ancient Egypt for several different
purposes, namely: - Bonding wood together, and fixing fillings of ebony
and ivory in their places - Making mortar and putty by mixing glue with
limestone powder. The coarse woven linen cloth is fixed with wood and
plaster, and gold foil is also fixed with plaster. As a coating material to
cover stone and plaster surfaces before photographing them. - As a colorfixing material, “glue is present on many things found in Tutankhamun’s
tomb, where it was used to tie the wood together and to fix the outer shell
and inlay pieces of ebony and ivory in their places, as was proven in
Tutankhamun’s sarcophagus.
أ.د/عصام محمد محفوظ | Prof.Dr.Essam Mohamed Mahfouz | 22646