تعد إفريقيا بمثابة متحف حى مفتوح الأرجاء، نرى فيه حياة انسان عصور ما قبل التاريخ رؤية العين بعدما كنا نعتمد فقط فى فهمها ودراستها على الاستقراء، فلازالت هناك العديد من القبائل الأفريقية تعيش حياة الإنسان البدائى بكل بساطتها ومعتقداتها وبكل مفرداتها التى كنا قبل ذلك نعتبرها من الأمور المعقدة التى يصعب تفسيرها، الا أن تلك القبائل أعادت الينا الماضى البعيد، فأصبحنا نرى ماضينا ونحيا حاضرنا من خلال دراسة تلك القبائل البدائية. وتعد الطوطمية واحدة من المعتقدات الدينية ذات المردود الدينى والاجتماعى، والتى سادت لدى العديد من القبائل الأفريقية وارتبطت فى طياتها بممارسات عدة سحرية وروحانية وطقسية، وكان للطوطم فى ذلك حقوق وواجبات على المنتسبين اليه، وإطار يجمع كل طوطم بعشيرته أو قبيلته التى تنتمى اليه. ولقد ارتبطت الطوطمية الأفريقية بالوشم وبعمل العديد العلامات الجسدية كالخدش والفصد وهى ممارسات تقوم بها بعض القبائل لتتحول أجسادهم بتلك العلامات الى شبيه الطوطم الذى يبغونه وذلك إما بعمل رسمه على الجسد، أو بعمل رموز لها إيحاء طوطمى يجمع أفراد العشيرة الواحدة معاً.
الملخص الانجليزي
Africa is an open-air museum in which we see the life of a prehistoric human being. There are still many African tribes living in the primitive human life with all its simplicity and beliefs and all its vocabulary which we considered before Complex and difficult to interpret, but these tribes returned to us the distant past, so we see our past and we live our present through the study of these primitive tribes. The totem is one of the religious beliefs with religious and social benefits, which prevailed in many African tribes and was associated with several magical, spiritual and ritual practices. The totem had rights and duties of its members, and a framework that gathers each totem with its clan or tribe. The African totem has been associated with tattoos and the work of the many physical signs such as scratching and rusting, which are practiced by some tribes to turn their bodies into signs similar to the totem they desire, either by painting it on the body or by creating symbols that have a totemistic motif that brings together the members of one tribe. The word totem was taken from Ajibua, a phonic language spoken by the Indians of the Great Lakes of North America and introduced to the West, as Galen mentioned, it is used in the sense of a social relationship "close or friendship" between two people. There are some groups of Alajiboa organized in the clans of pedigree and extramarital marriage, and each tribe takes a title derived from one of the animal factions.
Totemism is the state in which pagan symbols are used to classify social groups from one another. The idea of totemism is almost to be based on it and its roots, with very influential roots. Rather, it transcends the preservation of the roots to a new and evolving structure within our consciousness, which we cannot doubt. The old human ideas have gathered on the totem to be a symbol of sanctification that goes on with life, for the purpose of drawing strength, help and blessing from it, and as a heritage that culture is keen to preserve. Many human formations have practiced this, such as the sanctification of the grandparent or a particular symbol, Or the sanctification of a certain thing has woven these formations imaginations around him for the benefit. The totem is the father and the guardian spirit of the clan, and the sacred symbol of it, so the clan is forbidden to kill Totem or eat it. Totem is the first father of the clan, the protector of the soul and appointed... Being inherited from the mother or by the father, the first is authentic and then came second, belong to the totem above tribal affiliation and above the blood association.
د/ زينب عبد التواب رياض | Dr/ Zainab Abd El-twab Riyad | 9203